Shoes

Footwear consists of garments worn on the feet. It is worn for a variety of reasons, including protection against the environment, hygiene and adornment. Usually, socks and other hosiery are worn under footwear. It is sometimes associated with fetishism, particularly in some recent fashions in shoes and boots (see shoe fetishism). Some people are very passionate about fashion footwear.

Types of Footwear: Boots, Cowboy boots, Galoshes, Go-go boots, Kinky boots, Ski boots, Riding boots, Ugg boots, Valenki, Waders, Wellington boots, Winklepickers
Thigh-length boots: Industrial footwear

Shoes: Athletic shoes (trainers) (sneakers)

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Climbing shoes, Clogs, Football boot, High heels, Platform boots, Platform shoes, Stiletto heels, Kitten heels, Mary Janes, Moccasins, Mules, Penny loafers, Pointe shoes, Skate shoes, Snowshoes, Tap shoes, Training shoes, Socks, Sandals, Espadrilles, Flip flops (thongs), Slide, Slippers, Swim fin (flippers)

Footwear Components:

Adhesives ,Air cushion, buckle, Counter fort, Eyelet, Heel, Hook, Insole, Laces, Reinforcement tape
Sole, Steel shank, Tack, Toe puff, Tread, Welt, Pointe shoes (sometimes called toe shoes) are a special type of shoe used by ballet dancers for paintwork. They allow a dancer to move on the tips of her toes (en Pointe). Pointe shoes are normally worn only by female dancers, though male dancers may wear them for certain roles, such as the ugly stepsisters in Cinderella or Bottom in A Midsummer Night's Dream.

Originally the Pointe shoe was used to give more grace to the dancer. The Pointe shoe was made out of cloth and covered the dancer's feet, with a small amount of padding so that the dancer's discomfort can be reduced as much as possible without taking away the flexibility of the foot. Later on, the Pointe shoe was made out of glue and paper, wrapped in cloth, usually a light pink.

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There are many different types of Pointe shoe, and each fits the dancer in a different way. The Pointe shoe should be tight, with only a pinch of cloth at the heel when the Pointe shoe is en Pointe. Two ribbons wrap around the dancer's ankle, along with an elastic band that also wraps around from the back of the heel, to the front, and then back to the back the heel. The shank of the shoe comes in two different sizes, 3/4 and full shank. The full shank is traditionally for the dancer who has a strong arch, and needs more support than the 3/4 can offer. The full shank was used in the original Pointe shoe. The 3/4 is shorter, and helps dancers go up on Pointe with more facility. There is a wide variety of Pointe shoes that have different attributes and longevity.

Pointe shoes are usually covered with satin. The shoes have two important structural features that allow the dancer to dance on the tips of her toes:

the box is a section of paper (and sometimes burlap), stiffened with glue, that encases and supports the dancer's toes. The end of the box is covered with satin and flattened into a platform, upon which the dancer can balance.
the shank is a strengthened piece of material (usually many layers of glue-hardened paper, or sometimes plastic) running near to the length of the dancer's sole. It provides support to the arch of her foot as she stands en Pointe.
Pointe shoes are usually made in light pink colors varying from peachy-pink and bright pink to very pale pink. White and black Pointe shoes are also very common, but Pointe shoes can be specially ordered in almost any color. At dance supply stores, Pointe shoes retail for anywhere between $35.00 and $95.00. Non-professional students usually pay about $60.00 for one pair of shoes, which will last (with major fluctuations depending on the strength of the dancer's feet, her weight, the type and strength of the shoes, and the amount of time spent en Pointe) for about four months. Higher level dance students, who usually take several Pointe classes a week, can sometimes go through one or two pairs monthly. Professional dancers go through Pointe shoes much more quickly and order shoes in bulk directly from manufacturers - one pair can "die" after twenty minutes of a performance. Many professional ballet companies offer shoe allowances to their dancers, allotting a certain number of shoes to each dancer per season.

Young girls usually start dancing en Pointe between the ages of eleven and thirteen. Before this, their bones have not stopped growing; serious foot deformities can result from starting Pointe too early. Girls must not go up en Pointe until the bones of their feet are fully developed and the muscles in the arches, legs, pelvic area and abdominals are strong enough to bear the stress; injuries, such as breaking the ankle, can occur because of weak, untrained muscles. They should also have had at least several years of proper training. All of this requires careful evaluation on the part of the teacher. Note that we have three requirements here: bones, muscles, and training.

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It is also important that young girls be fitted for Pointe shoes by a professional. Shoes that are too small or too large can cause serious problems from technique issues to injuries.

Once a dancer is ready, preparation for Pointe work is a slow and gradual process. At first, it is just strengthening exercises at the barre - for example, simply going up on Pointe and coming back down, and then introducing variations in speed and position -- for perhaps no more than five or ten minutes. It is often only after six months to a year of this that one can start dancing on Pointe in the center. The entire process takes time and close supervision by the teacher.

Dancing en Pointe can place severe stress on the dancer's feet, common injuries related to dancing en Pointe are:

blisters - caused by repeated rubbing of skin against the rough hardened inside of the shoe's box. Blisters can be prevented or lessened by carefully wrapping the dancer's toes with medical tape, or using some type of thin padding.
bunions - a bone deformity usually in the dancer's big toe, caused by cramping of the toes within the shoe's box. Dancers can prevent bunions by putting a spacer (often gel) between the big toe and the next toe.
bruised toenails - caused by heavy pressure on the front of the nail. The toenail may occasionally fall out due to bruising.
Cuts can also occur between toes as a result of the pressure of a dancer's toenails digging into the toes next to them.

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To help minimize pain and injuries from dancing en Pointe, many dancers use lamb's wool "toe pads" or gel pads like the "Ouch Pouch" to cover their toes in the box area. Wads of lamb's wool and small gel pads are also used in certain areas where a dancer feels the most pain. Many dancers also use sports tape to tape around their toes in order to further prevent blisters and bruised toenails. However, professional dancers often use only tape, a small amount of paper toweling, or nothing at all, because they prefer greater freedom of movement and sensitivity.

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